China's Golden Shield

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  1.   HONG KONG IS SWALLOWED UP, by Jeff Jacoby, The Boston Globe: http://www.bigeye.com/jj070197.htm
CHINESE CHECKERS, OxBlood Ruffin, CDC
http://www.cultdeadcow.com/cDc_files/cDc-0361.html
The Money Trap, A book review by Robert Kagan
Reprinted by permission of The New Republic
Originally published April 7, 1997
http://www.ceip.org/people/kagrep1.htm   Return

  2.-   See endnote 59   Return

  3.-   http://www.hrw.org/backgrounder/asia/china-bck-0701.htm. Freedom of Expression and the Internet in China,
A Human Rights Watch Backgrounder.   Return

  4.-   Ibid, Dr. Stephen Hsu citing a CASS survey – Dr. Guo Liang, China Academy of Social Sciences, May 2001.  Return

  5.-   (CHINANET, CHINGBN, CERNET, CSTNET, and UNINET)
[See Diagram 1: China’s International Internet Gateways.]   Return

  6.-   Translation of "churukou xindao".  Return

  7.-   See, for example, http://www.wirednews.com/wired/5.06/china_pr.html
5.06 - June 1997, The Great Firewall of China, Geremie R. Barme and Sang Ye.  Return

  8.-   Big Brother Incorporated, Privacy International: http://www.privacy.org/pi/reports/ .  Return

  9.-   http://www.cpsr.org/alert/cpsr.alert.2.05.html. Volume 2.05, November 12, 1993. Published by Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility

Washington Office
(Alert @ washofc.cpsr.org)
Operation "Root Canal" Documents Released: Questions Raised about FBI’s Digital Telephony Initiative
"In response to a CPSR Freedom of Information Act lawsuit, the FBI this week released 185 pages of documents concerning the Bureau’s Digital Telephony Initiative, code-named Operation "Root Canal." The newly disclosed material raises serious doubts as to the accuracy of the FBI’s claim that advances in telecommunications technology have hampered law enforcement efforts to execute court-authorized wiretaps."  Return

  10.-   Original source:
http://www.nortelnetworks.com/products/01/dms-10/dms10news/august99/article6.html.
Nortel has subsequently removed this URL from its Web site. However, a copy of the original page remains in Google’s Web cache and can be located here: http://www.google.com/search?q=cache:Ijjs4pWPJ8Y:www.nortelnetworks.com/ products/01/dms-10/dms10news/august99/article6.html
"Nortel has been actively involved in ad hoc committees established prior to the law being enacted. We have been active participants during the standards process with technical representatives at key meetings."  Return

  11.-   Final version (Enrolled Bill) as passed by both Houses:
http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c103:H.R.4922.ENR:H.R.4922
To amend title 18, US Code, to make clear a telecommunications carrier’s duty to cooperate in the interception of communications for law enforcement purposes, and for other...   Return

  12.-   Ibid, text from CALEA act.  Return

  13.-   http://www.askcalea.net/about/doj990914.htm
Department of Justice and FBI Reach First Agreement Under Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act.  Return

  14.-   http://www.askcalea.com/about/pl103414.htm
"(1) IN GENERAL – A court issuing an order under this section against a telecommunications carrier, a manufacturer of telecommunications transmission or switching equipment, or a provider of telecommunications support services may impose a civil penalty of up to $10,000 per day for each day in violation after the issuance of the order or after such future date as the court may specify."  Return

  15.-   http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/law/st_org/iptf/headlines/content/1997013101.html
1997 B.C. Intell. Prop. & Tech. F. 013101
Government Tempers Electronic Surveillance Proposal; Critics Laud Changes But Are Not Satisfied
by Adam White Scoville, Staff Writer
See also: http://www.cdt.org/publications/pp_3.01.html
CDT POLICY POST Volume 3, Number 1, January 17, 1997.  Return

  16.-   See ENFOPOL timeline: http://www.heise.de/tp/english/special/enfo/6382/1.html.
See also: EU Document 496Y1104(01)
http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/lif/dat/1996/en_496Y1104_01.html
"Whereas in accordance with a decision by the Trevi Ministers in December 1991 a study should be made of the effects of legal, technical and market developments within the telecommunications sector on the different interception possibilities and of what action should be taken to counter the problems that have become apparent..."  Return

  17.-   The full text of all ENFOPOL documents cited in this paper can be found at
http://www.statewatch.org/eufbi/index.html.

At the first meeting of the new Council of Justice and Home Affairs Ministers in Brussels on November 29 and 30, 1993, they adopted the following Resolution on "the interception of telecommunications" which speaks for itself, and is reproduced here in full:
COUNCIL RESOLUTION ON THE INTERCEPTION OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS
The Council:
1. calls upon the expert group to compare the requirements of the Member States of the Union with those of the FBI;
2. agrees that the requirements of the Member States of the Union will be conveyed to the third countries which attended the FBI meeting in Quantico and were mentioned in the memorandum approved by the Ministers at their meeting in Copenhagen (Sweden, Norway, Finland [countries applying for accession to the European Community], the USA and Canada) in order to avoid a discussion based solely on the requirements of the FBI;
3. approves for practical reasons the extension to Hong Kong, Australia and New Zealand (which attended the FBI seminar) of the decision on co-operation with third countries which was taken at the Ministerial meeting in Copenhagen;
4. hereby decides that informal talks with the above-named countries may be envisaged: to that end the Presidency and the expert group might, for example, organize a meeting with those third countries to exchange information."   Return

  18.-   See www.europarl.eu.int/stoa/publi/pdf/981401-5en_en.pdf:
SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL OPTIONS ASSESSMENT
STOA
DEVELOPMENT OF SURVEILLANCE TECHNOLOGY AND RISK OF ABUSE
OF ECONOMIC INFORMATION
Vol. 5/5: The perception of economic risks arising from the potential vulnerability of electronic commercial media to interception.  Return

  19.-   http://www.oneworld.org/index_oc/issue198/codewar.html: The code war
David Banisar & Simon Davies. David Banisar is an attorney at the Electronic Privacy Information Center (EPIC) in Washington, DC and deputy director of Privacy International (PI). He is coauthor of a new book on encryption policy:
The Electronic Privacy Papers: The Battle for Privacy in the Age of Surveillance. Simon Davies is director general of PI, the author of Big Brother and a visiting fellow at the London School of Economics.   Return

  20.-   www.europarl.eu.int/stoa/publi/pdf/981401-5en_en.pdf  Return

  21.-   http://www.statewatch.org/eufbi/index.html   Return

  22.-   Draft COUNCIL RESOLUTION on the lawful interception of telecommunications in relation to new technologies ENFOPOL 19, March 15, 1999: http://www.fipr.org/polarch/enfopol19.html   Return

  23.-   What do you want the Internet to be?
http://www.nortelnetworks.com/corporate/internet/what_do_you_want/index.html   Return

  24.-   China looks for new technology to police Net
By Martin Fackler, Associated Press, November 9, 2000   Return

  25.-   http://www.adsaleexh.com/sec/press2.html
Press Release, August 29, 2000
Over 300 International Exhibitors Gather in Security China 2000
Taping the Lucrative China Market.   Return

  26.-   Ibid.  Return

  27.-   http://www.adsaleexh.com/sec/press1.htmmime text/html
Press Release, March 10, 2000
The No. 1 International Security Exhibition back to Beijing again.  Return

  28.-   Ibid, Adsale.  Return

  29.-   Ibid, Adsale.  Return

  30.-   Research Overview, Speech Signal Processing and Intelligence Technology Group Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University
http://www.ee.tsinghua.edu.cn/teachers/wangzuoying/research.htm
Tsinghua has subsequently removed this URL from its Web site. However, a copy of the original page remains in Google’s Web cache and can be located here:
http://www.google.com/search?q=cache:4EwAlksjbU:www.ee.tsinghua.edu.cn/teachers/ wangzuoying/research.htm+863+tsinghua+engineering+speech+continuous&hl=en  Return

  31.-   Ibid.  Return

  32.-   http://www.most.gov.cn/English/Programs/863/menu.htm   Return

  33.-   http://138.110.28.9/acad/intrel/chinmc.htm
EVAN A. FEIGENBAUM, "China’s Military-Civilian Complex," New York Times, May 22, 1998.  Return

  34.-   Ibid, 27.   Return

  35.-   Ibid.  Return

  36.-   BNR operates and supports research laboratories at many sites around the world, including two in Canada (Ottawa and Montreal), three in the US (Raleigh, Richardson, and Atlanta), four in the United Kingdom (Harlow, New Southgate, Maidenhead, and Monkstown), one in Japan (Tokyo), one in Australia (Sydney), and one in China (Beijing).  Return

  37.-   Nortel Networks Signs Contracts Valued At Over US$120 Million During Canadian Prime Minister Jean Chrétien’s Visit to China
http://www.nortelnetworks.com/corporate/news/newsreleases/1998c/11_20_9898638_Chretien.html.   Return

  38.-   http://www.ee.tsinghua.edu.cn/teachers/wangzuoying/research.htm.   Return

  39.-   Specific compliance targets – known as J-STD-025 – establish standards for basic CALEA compliance: see Nortel’s DMS-500 Series Platform, Document no: 51047-16-12-00.pdf.   Return

  40.-   http://www.nortelnetworks.com/corporate/news/newsreleases/1998c/11_20_9898638_Chretien.html.   Return

  41.-   Over US$100 million in the case of Nortel according to the US Dept. of Justice: see www.doj.gov.  Return

  42.-   http://www.cpj.org/Briefings/2001/China_jan01/China_jan01.html.   Return

  43.-   According to a June 12 report in China Daily.   Return

  44.-   http://www.smartcards-china.com/en/page_ehydt1.htm.   Return

  45.-   http://www.state.gov/www/global/human_rights/1999_hrp_report/china.html. Archive site for State Department information prior to January 20, 2001.
1999 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices
Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor
U.S. Department of State, February 25, 2000.   Return

  46.-   Reported in Mingbao, courtesy of Judy Chen, HRIC.   Return

  47.-   http://www.telecomn.com/english/china_comm/CN_200010.htm. DATANG TELECOM CONTRACTS "INTELLIGENT BUILDING WEAK CURRENT ENGINEERING" FOR JILIN PROVINCIAL PUBLIC SECURITY DEPARTMENT.  Return

  48.-   http://www.gzjd.gov.cn/gzjd/   Return

  49.-   Ibid, AP.  Return

  50.-   China online, http://www.chinaonline.com/topstories/001114/1/c00111456.asp.  Return

  51.-   http://www.nortelnetworks.com/corporate/leadership/personal/   Return

  52.-   "The idea that ISPs are watching where [customers] go is unacceptable… it’s like the Post Office looking into your mail in order to decide what kind of junk to send you." (Junkbusters.org) Several privacy bills are currently being introduced or reintroduced into the US Congress and state legislatures across the US. One bill being reconsidered by Congress, the Spyware Control and Privacy Protection Act, tries to protect online users from software like Nortel’s Personal Internet technology. Of course, in China, spam and telemarketing are the least of Internet users worries.   Return

  53.-   In addition to OPTera Metro, Nortel Networks solution for Shanghai Telecom includes Nortel Networks Shasta* 5000 Broadband Service Node (BSN) and Nortel Networks Passport* 15000 and Passport 7480 multiservice switches.   Return

  54.-   http://www.nortelnetworks.com/help/legal/   Return

  55.-   Ibid.   Return

  56.-   AN APPRAISAL OF THE TECHNOLOGIES OF POLITICAL CONTROL, An Omega Foundation Summary & Options Report For the European Parliament, September 1998.   Return

  57.-   Ibid 22 (AP).   Return

  58.-   (See Norris, C., et. al, 1998.).   Return

  59.-   Nexus (www.nxsgrp.com and www.nxs.ca), known formerly as Heritage Concepts International (HCI). NEXUS Group International Inc. AND Corporation (www.andcorporation.com). AcSys Biometrics Corp. (www.acsysbiometricscorp.com).   Return

  60.-   http://www.andcorporation.com/press/press_3_12_01.html. AcSys Biometrics Accompanies Nortel Networks to CeBIT 2001.   Return

  61.-   Bob Paquin, The Ottawa Citizen. Web posted Monday October 26, 1998, E-Guerrillas in the mist.   Return

  62.-   Linux World Conference: http://www.linuxworld.com/   Return

  63.-   http://www.cultdeadcow.com/cDc_files/declaration.html   Return

"If you always stand straight, then your shadow can never be crooked."

Liu Qing, former political prisoner

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